Day 102 – Cisco ISE Mastery Training: Load Balancing with F5 / Citrix ADC

[Day 102] Cisco ISE Mastery Training: Load Balancing with F5 / Citrix ADC

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Load balancing in Cisco ISE is not just about distributing authentication requests—it’s about ensuring scalability, fault-tolerance, and seamless user experience across a complex enterprise network. As deployments scale from a few thousand endpoints to hundreds of thousands of daily authentications, the traditional direct-to-node access method becomes a bottleneck. This is where enterprise-grade load balancers like F5 BIG-IP and Citrix ADC (formerly NetScaler) enter the picture.

In large-scale or mission-critical environments, ISE must handle:

  • Millions of RADIUS transactions per day without packet drops.
  • High-availability (HA) across PSNs so that endpoint authentications never fail during upgrades or outages.
  • Session stickiness (persistence) to preserve RADIUS stateful transactions.
  • TLS offloading for HTTPS Admin/Guest portals for performance optimization.

By integrating Cisco ISE with F5 or Citrix ADC, engineers can design a resilient distributed ISE fabric that ensures:

  1. 24×7 availability of authentication services (WLC, switches, VPNs).
  2. Predictable performance across all nodes in the cluster.
  3. Scalable guest portals, BYOD onboarding, and pxGrid services without impacting end-user experience.

This training will walk you step-by-step through configuring, validating, and troubleshooting ISE load balancing—both on the GUI and CLI. By the end of this masterclass workbook, you’ll be able to design and deploy an enterprise-ready ISE + F5/Citrix load-balancing architecture that meets real-world production requirements.p.

Problem Statement (What Breaks Without Proper LB)

Typical symptoms without a correct LB design:

  • EAP drops during re-auth/roaming (persistence missing/wrong).
  • Guest/BYOD portals loop after redirect (no cross-service stickiness between RADIUS & HTTP).
  • Hot PSN while others idle (mis-weighted pools).
  • CoA/accounting inconsistencies (auth and accounting land on different PSNs).
  • False “ISE down” alarms (UDP health checks not actually proving RADIUS is alive).

Your goal: RADIUS-aware, PSN-aware LB with proper persistence + monitors + drain/maintenance patterns.

Solution Overview (How We Fix It)

  • Separate VIPs per service class:
    • RADIUS Auth (UDP/1812)
    • RADIUS Accounting (UDP/1813)
    • Web Portals (TCP/443 and/or 8443 for Guest/BYOD/Sponsor/MyDevices)
    • (Optional) TACACS+ (TCP/49) if using ISE Device Admin
  • Persistence:
    • RADIUS: Calling-Station-ID (or Framed-IP-Address); match across services to portals.
    • Portals (HTTPS): Source IP or Cookie (keep-alive on same PSN).
  • Monitors:
    • Real RADIUS monitor (Access-Request probe with shared secret) – not just UDP ping.
    • HTTPS: L7 GET to known portal path.
  • Operational controls: graceful drain, weighting, and maintenance windows.

Sample Lab Topology (VMware/EVE-NG)

Compute / Services

  • ISE: PSN1/PSN2/PSN3/PSN4, PAN, MnT
  • F5 BIG-IP (vCMP or VE) and/or Citrix ADC
  • Catalyst 9300 (wired), WLC 9800 (wireless)
  • AD/PKI, DHCP/DNS, NGFW (pxGrid consumer)
  • Endpoints: Win11 (dot1x EAP-TLS), iOS/Android (CWA/BYOD), IoT (MAB)

Topology diagram:]

Key note: Configure NADs (Switch/WLC/VPN) to use the RADIUS VIP(s); ISE Network Devices must align with LB design (see Step 0).

Step-by-Step GUI Configuration Guide

Step 0 — ISE & NAD Pre-Checks (Must-Do Before LB)

ISE GUI

  • Administration → Network Resources → Network Devices
    • Create each NAD with its IP, SNMP (optional), and RADIUS shared secret.
    • If your LB will SNAT (source NAT) RADIUS to PSNs, either:
      • create a Network Device entry for the VIP IP with the shared secret, and configure NADs to set NAS-IP-Address to their real IP; or
      • avoid SNAT so PSNs see the real NAD IP (recommended).

NAD CLI (Catalyst/WLC)

# Catalyst (example)
show run | sec aaa|radius
show radius statistics
# WLC 9800
show radius summary

Pass: NADs point to VIP, secrets match; RADIUS counters increment.
Fail: “Invalid client” in ISE radius logs → fix Network Device entries / SNAT plan.

F5 BIG-IP — RADIUS (1812/1813) VIPs

Step F5-1: Create PSN Pool(s)

GUI: Local Traffic → Pools → Create

  • Name: pool_ise_radius_auth | Members: psn1:1812, psn2:1812, …
  • Name: pool_ise_radius_acct | Members: psn1:1813, psn2:1813, …
  • Load Balancing: Least Connections (Member) or Round Robin (start simple)

Validation (F5 CLI):

tmsh list ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth members
tmsh show ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth

Step F5-2: Build RADIUS Monitor (real Access-Request)

GUI: Local Traffic → Monitors → Create

  • Type: RADIUS
  • Shared Secret: (monitor secret; must exist as NAD on ISE if probe’s source is F5 self IP)
  • Username: monitor (dummy)
  • Response: expect Access-Reject (works as “up signal”)
  • Assign to both pools.

Validation: Pool members go green only when RADIUS actually replies.

Step F5-3: Create Virtual Servers (VIPs)

GUI: Local Traffic → Virtual Servers → Create

  • vs_ise_radius_auth
    • Destination: VIP_AUTH_IP:1812
    • Protocol: UDP
    • Source Address Translation: None (preferred) or Auto Map (SNAT)
    • Default Pool: pool_ise_radius_auth
    • Persistence:
      • Create Universal Persistence profile keyed on Calling-Station-ID (RADIUS AVP 31) or Framed-IP-Address (AVP 8).
      • Enable Match Across Services (so accounting & web portal stick to same PSN).
  • vs_ise_radius_acct
    • VIP_ACCT_IP:1813, same profiles, Default Pool pool_ise_radius_acct.

F5 iRule (optional) — persist on Calling-Station-ID

when CLIENT_ACCEPTED {
    # RADIUS is UDP; we inspect first packet
}
when LB_SELECTED {
    # Use persistence across services by table key "csid"
}

(In practice you can use F5’s RADIUS persistence profile or Universal iRule that extracts AVP 31.)

Validation (NAD + ISE):

  • NAD CLI: show radius statistics increases on attempts.
  • ISE GUI: Operations → RADIUS → Live Logs → Matched PSN = one of pool members.
  • F5 CLI: tmsh show ltm virtual vs_ise_radius_auth → connection stats.

F5 BIG-IP — HTTPS Portal VIP (443/8443)

Step F5-4: PSN Web Pool & Monitor

Pool: pool_ise_https → Members: psn1:443, psn2:443
Monitor: HTTPS with send string GET /portal/ or /guestportal/ and expect 200/302.

Step F5-5: HTTPS VIP with Cross-Service Stickiness

Virtual: vs_ise_https_portal → VIP_WEB_IP:443

  • Client SSL Profile: LB does not terminate TLS for EAP; for portals, you may pass-through or terminate (commonly pass-through so PSN cert is seen by clients).
  • Persistence: Source Address and enable Match Across Services so web flows follow the same PSN as RADIUS.

Validation:

  • Connect a client to Guest/BYOD redirect; ensure the same PSN handles both the RADIUS auth and the web portal (Live Logs + PSN access logs).
  • ISE Live Logs → Authorization Result shows CWA redirect; after login, same PSN completes authz.

F5 BIG-IP — Drain Mode & Maintenance

Step F5-6: Drain a PSN Gracefully

GUI: Pool → Member → Disable (Drain)

  • Existing sessions continue; new ones avoid this member.

Validation:

  • tmsh show ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth members → Disabled (Forced Offline/Disabled) state noted.
  • ISE Live Logs continue on other PSNs; no spikes in failure.

Citrix ADC (NetScaler) — RADIUS (1812/1813) VIPs

Step NS-1: Add Servers & Services

GUI: Traffic Management → Servers → Add psn1, psn2, …
Services: Add service per PSN/port

  • svc_psn1_rad_auth (UDP/1812), svc_psn1_rad_acct (UDP/1813), etc.

CLI:

add server psn1 10.10.10.11
add service svc_psn1_rad_auth psn1 UDP 1812
add service svc_psn1_rad_acct psn1 UDP 1813

Step NS-2: Monitors (RADIUS Real Probe)

GUI: System → Monitors → Add → Type: RADIUS

  • Key: Shared secret; Username: monitor
  • Bind to RADIUS services.

CLI:

add lb monitor mon_rad RADIUS -RadKey <secret> -username monitor
bind service svc_psn1_rad_auth -monitorName mon_rad

Step NS-3: Load-Balancing vServers (VIPs)

GUI: Traffic Management → LB Virtual Servers → Add

  • lbvserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth (Protocol: UDP, Port 1812)
  • Bind RADIUS Auth services.
  • Persistence: SRCIP (or CallId RADIUS persistence if licensed/available).
  • Service Group weights = even or tailored.
  • Repeat for vsvr_ise_rad_acct (1813).

CLI:

add lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth UDP <VIP_AUTH_IP> 1812
bind lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth svc_psn1_rad_auth
set lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth -persistenceType SOURCEIP -timeout 30

Step NS-4: HTTPS Portal VIP

Services: svc_psn1_https (TCP/443) with HTTP-ECV/HTTPS-ECV monitor to /portal/
vServer: vsvr_ise_https (TCP/443), persistence SOURCEIP

  • Link Persistence Across Services: Use Persistence Groups so RADIUS + HTTPS stay on same PSN.

CLI (example):

add service svc_psn1_https psn1 TCP 443
add lb vserver vsvr_ise_https SSL <VIP_WEB_IP> 443
bind lb vserver vsvr_ise_https svc_psn1_https
set lb vserver vsvr_ise_https -persistenceType SOURCEIP -timeout 30

Step NS-5: Drain / Disable for Maintenance

GUI: Services → Select member → Disable (Graceful).
CLI:

disable service svc_psn1_rad_auth

Validation: Active sessions finish; new ones avoid disabled member.

ISE & NAD — Post-LB Validation Matrix

A) Wired 802.1X (EAP-TLS)

  • GUI: ISE → Operations → RADIUS Live Logs → Matched Rule, Selected PSN, Elapsed Time
  • Switch CLI:
show authentication sessions interface Gi1/0/10 details
show radius statistics

Pass: Auth success; same PSN serves reauths; latency stable.

B) Wireless CWA (Guest/BYOD)

  • WLC:
show wlan <id>
show client detail <mac>
  • ISE Live Logs: CWA redirect then final permit; Web VIP shows hits on same PSN.
    Pass: No redirect loops; portal page loads quickly.

C) Accounting Stickiness

  • ISE Live Logs → Accounting tab → same PSN as Auth.
  • LB stats show Match Across Services working.

D) PSN Failure Test

  • Drain one PSN → simulate failure → ensure zero auth drops, even distribution across survivors.

E) RADIUS Monitor Proof

  • Temporarily block RADIUS on PSN → LB marks DOWN within monitor interval, routes away.

Step-by-Step Configuration & Validation

Step 1 – Prepare Cisco ISE Nodes for Load Balancer Integration

  • Ensure you have multiple Policy Service Nodes (PSNs) already installed and joined to the ISE cluster.
  • Each PSN should be licensed and assigned the Policy Service role.

CLI Validation on PSN

ise/admin# show application status ise
ise/admin# show run
ise/admin# show ip interface brief

Confirm that RADIUS (UDP/1812,1813) and HTTPS (TCP/443) services are active.

Step 2 – Configure F5 BIG-IP for RADIUS (PSN VIP Setup)

On F5 GUI

  1. Create a Node Pool for ISE PSNs
    • Navigate: Local Traffic > Pools > Pool List > CreatePool Name: ISE_PSN_RADIUSHealth Monitor: RADIUS (or custom with UDP 1812 check).Add members (ISE PSN1, PSN2 IPs).
  2. Create Virtual Server (VIP)
    • Navigate: Local Traffic > Virtual Servers > CreateName: ISE_RADIUS_VIPDestination IP: 10.10.10.100 (VIP to be used by switches/WLCs).Service Port: 1812.Default Pool: ISE_PSN_RADIUS.Persistence Profile: Source IP Persistence (important for RADIUS stickiness).
  3. Repeat for Accounting (UDP/1813) if required.

CLI Validation on F5

tmsh show ltm pool ISE_PSN_RADIUS members
tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP

Confirm pool members are up.

Step 3 – Configure Cisco Switch/WLC to Point to VIP

CLI on Cisco Switch

radius-server host 10.10.10.100 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 key MySecret
aaa new-model
aaa authentication dot1x default group radius
aaa accounting update periodic 5
aaa accounting exec default start-stop group radius

Validation on Switch CLI

show aaa servers
test aaa group radius USERNAME PASSWORD legacy

Ensure the VIP responds, and the test succeeds.

Step 4 – Configure HTTPS Load Balancing (Guest Portal)

On F5 GUI

  1. Create Pool for HTTPS PSNs
    • Pool Name: ISE_HTTPS_POOL.
    • Health Monitor: HTTPS.
    • Add PSN1, PSN2 IPs.
  2. Create HTTPS VIP
    • VIP IP: 10.10.20.100.
    • Port: 443.
    • Persistence: Cookie Persistence.
  3. SSL Offload (Optional)
    • Import certificates (same as ISE).
    • Enable client SSL profile if offloading.

Validation

tmsh show ltm pool ISE_HTTPS_POOL
tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_HTTPS_VIP

From client browser → access: https://10.10.20.100/guestportal → confirm redirect to correct ISE portal.

Step 5 – Configure Citrix ADC (NetScaler) for RADIUS

On Citrix GUI

  1. Create Server Objects
    • Add ISE PSN1 & PSN2 as servers.
  2. Create Load Balancing Service Group
    • Service Type: RADIUS.
    • Add PSNs as members.
  3. Create Virtual Server (VIP)
    • VIP IP: 10.10.30.100.
    • Bind Service Group.
    • Persistence: Source IP.

CLI Validation on Citrix

> show serviceGroup ISE_RADIUS_SG
> show lb vserver ISE_RADIUS_VIP

Step 6 – GUI Validation in ISE

  • Navigate: Administration > System > Deployment
  • Verify that both PSNs show Active.
  • Navigate: Operations > RADIUS > Live Logs
  • Authenticate a test user.
  • Verify traffic is balanced across PSNs.

Step 7 – CLI Validation on ISE

Run on each PSN:

ise/admin# show logging application radius.log tail
ise/admin# show logging application ise-psc.log tail

Check that authentications are processed by both PSNs.

Final Checklist

  • RADIUS VIP reachable from network devices.
  • HTTPS VIP reachable from clients.
  • Persistence correctly configured (Source-IP for RADIUS, Cookie for HTTPS).
  • Health Monitors correctly reflect PSN availability.
  • Logs show balanced authentication across nodes.

CLI Pack:

ISE (any node):

show application status ise
show logging application ise-radius.log tail
show logging application | inc (radius|error|ad)
show cpu ; show memory ; show disk

Catalyst (wired)

show authentication sessions interface Gi1/0/10 details
show run | sec aaa|radius
show radius statistics

WLC 9800 (wireless)

show radius summary
show client detail <mac>
show wlan <id>

F5 BIG-IP

tmsh show ltm virtual
tmsh show ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth
tmsh list ltm monitor radius
tmsh modify ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth members modify { 10.10.10.11:1812 { session user-disabled } }  ;# drain example

Citrix ADC

show lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth
show servicegrp
disable service svc_psn1_rad_auth
show ns runningconfig | grep -i persist

Expert-Level Use Cases

  1. Cross-Service Stickiness Map (RADIUS→HTTPS)
    • On F5, enable Match Across Services; on ADC, use Persistence Groups.
    • Ensures a device that authenticated via RADIUS hits the same PSN for CWA/BYOD portal, eliminating loops.
  2. Blue-Green PSN Upgrades
    • Split pool into Blue (PSN1/2) & Green (PSN3/4).
    • Drain/upgrade Green; swing VIP weights → Green primary; drain/upgrade Blue. Zero downtime.
  3. Weighted Distribution for Burst Sites
    • Campuses with heavy shift changes get higher member weight.
    • Validate: LB per-member stats + ISE Live Logs latency.
  4. RADIUS-Aware Health with Synthetic Users
    • Create dedicated monitor user and NAD entry for LB monitors.
    • Monitor expects Reject (healthy path). Reduces false positives.
  5. Dual-Site GSLB for PSN VIPs
    • Site A/B VIPs, GSLB proximity policy.
    • WAN cut? Clients stick to local site. Validate failover by simulated DC outage.
  6. Accounting Correlation Integrity
    • Same persistence key across Auth & Accounting VIPs + Match Across Services.
    • SIEM gets clean Start/Stop pairs from same PSN.
  7. IoT/MAB Affinity Windows
    • Increase persistence timeout for MAB-only devices to minimize churn.
    • Long-lived sessions reduce CoA storms.
  8. Portal TLS Offload with PSN Re-encrypt (Advanced)
    • If organizational policy demands LB TLS inspection, use client SSL terminate + server SSL re-encrypt with careful cookie persistence.
    • Validate cert chain and HSTS behavior with posture agents.
  9. Selective SNAT for NATed Branches
    • If branch NADs are NATed and cause device-lookup issues, enable SNAT on LB but configure ISE to use NAS-IP-Address attribute for lookup.
    • Confirm by checking ISE Network Device match in Live Logs.
  10. Drain-Safe Time Windows (Roaming WLAN)
  • Schedule drains outside roaming peaks; set connection-mirror/graceful disable.
  • Monitor EAP failure rate and Elapsed Time histogram during action.
  1. TACACS+ Segregated VIP
  • Dedicated TCP/49 VIP for device admin; separate persistence and monitors.
  • Prevents infrastructure logins from competing with user AAA.
  1. Adaptive Health Escalation
  • Tiered monitor: RADIUS monitor + fallback UDP + node CPU via SNMP.
  • Member auto-disabled if RADIUS passes but CPU > 90% sustained.

FAQs – Cisco ISE Load Balancing with F5 / Citrix ADC

  • Answer:
    • Cisco ISE PSNs do not natively load balance RADIUS/HTTPS traffic.
    • Without a load balancer, each NAD (switch, WLC, ASA, VPN) must be manually configured with multiple PSNs.
    • A load balancer simplifies deployments → one VIP per service (RADIUS or HTTPS), ensuring high availability and distribution.
  • Validation:
    • On F5 CLI: tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP
    • On ISE: Operations > RADIUS > Live Logs → verify authentications are coming via the VIP.

FAQ 2. Which persistence (stickiness) method should I use — Source IP or Cookie?

  • Answer:
    • RADIUS: Use Source IP Persistence, because NADs (switches, WLCs) always use the same source IP for authentication.
    • HTTPS Portals: Use Cookie Persistence, since client browsers rely on session stickiness.
  • Validation:
    • F5 GUI → Virtual Server → Persistence Profile tab.
    • Perform test authentication and ensure sessions always return to the same PSN.

FAQ 3. What ports must be load-balanced for ISE services?

  • Answer:
    • RADIUS: UDP 1812 (Authentication), 1813 (Accounting).
    • TACACS+ (if used): TCP 49.
    • HTTPS: TCP 443 (Guest/BYOD/Sponsor portals).
  • Validation:
    • On F5 CLI: tmsh list ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP tmsh list ltm virtual ISE_HTTPS_VIP

FAQ 4. How do I configure health checks for PSNs in F5/Citrix?

  • Answer:
    • F5: Use RADIUS health monitor for UDP/1812 and HTTPS monitor for TCP/443.
    • Citrix: Use RADIUS health check with authentication request OR simple UDP probe.
  • Validation:
    • F5 CLI: tmsh show ltm pool ISE_PSN_RADIUS members
    • Healthy PSN = up.

FAQ 5. What happens if one PSN fails — will VIP continue working?

  • Answer:
    • Yes, the Load Balancer marks the failed PSN as down and routes all traffic to available PSNs.
  • Validation:
    • Shut down RADIUS on PSN: ise/admin# application stop ise
    • Check F5 Pool Status → failed node marked down.

FAQ 6. Can I use load balancers for ISE PAN/MnT nodes as well?

  • Answer:
    • No for PAN (Primary Administration Node).
    • Yes for MnT (Monitoring & Troubleshooting nodes) → you can use load balancer for syslog ingestion.
  • Validation:
    • On ISE GUI: Administration > System > Deployment → confirm PAN is not behind VIP.

FAQ 7. What SSL certificates do I need for HTTPS VIP?

  • Answer:
    • You must install the same wildcard/multi-SAN certificate on both ISE PSNs and F5/Citrix VIP.
    • If SSL Offload is enabled → LB terminates SSL and re-encrypts to backend.
  • Validation:
    • Open Guest Portal via VIP → check browser SSL → CN must match VIP FQDN.

FAQ 8. Can I do GSLB (Global Server Load Balancing) for multi-site ISE?

  • Answer:
    • Yes, using F5 GTM or Citrix GSLB to distribute traffic across multiple data centers.
    • Common use case: large enterprise with ISE PSNs in Americas + EMEA + APAC.
  • Validation:
    • Use nslookup or dig against VIP FQDN → verify DNS response changes per location.

FAQ 9. How can I test RADIUS VIP functionality without waiting for real clients?

  • Answer:
    • On NAD (switch/router): test aaa group radius USERNAME PASSWORD legacy
    • On Linux: radtest USERNAME PASSWORD 10.10.10.100 1812 testing123
  • Validation:
    • Check ISE Live Logs → test authentication should appear via VIP.

FAQ 10. What are common troubleshooting steps if VIP is not working?

  • Answer:
    • Check that VIP is reachable via ping.
    • Verify LB persistence (Source-IP or Cookie).
    • Confirm health monitors show PSNs as up.
    • Check ISE logs for RADIUS or HTTPS service errors.
  • CLI Validation:
    • On F5: tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP
    • On ISE: show logging application radius.log tail show logging application ise-psc.log tail

YouTube Link

For more in-depth Cisco ISE Mastery Training, subscribe to my YouTube channel Network Journey and join my instructor-led classes for hands-on, real-world ISE experience

[NEW COURSE ALERT] CISCO ISE (Identity Service Engine) by Sagar Dhawan
CCIE Security v6.1 Training – Ticket#1 Discussed
CCIE Security v6.1 – MAC Authentication Bypass (MAB) in Cisco ISE
CCNP to CCIE SECURITY v6.1 – New Online Batch

Closing Notes (Key Takeaways)

  • Two RADIUS VIPs (1812/1813) + one HTTPS VIP for portals.
  • RADIUS persistence (Calling-Station-ID) + Match Across Services to HTTPS.
  • Real RADIUS monitors (Access-Request) → true health.
  • Drain/patch cycles without user impact.
  • Validate per-PSN load, latency, and Live Logs every change window.

Upgrade Your Skills – Start Today

For more in-depth Cisco ISE Mastery Training, subscribe to my YouTube channel Network Journey and join my instructor-led classes.

Fast-Track to Cisco ISE Mastery Pro

  • I run a focused 4-month instructor-led CCIE Security journey with full-stack ISE labs: multi-site PSN/LB, advanced policy sets, pxGrid/SGT, Guest/BYOD at scale, upgrades/DR, and production runbooks.
  • Course outline & enrollment: https://course.networkjourney.com/ccie-security/
  • Next step: Book a readiness call, get the Load-Balancer for ISE Checklist, and secure your seat.

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Trainer Sagar Dhawan
Hi all, Good to see you here. I'm your Trainer for CCIE, CCNP, CCNA, Firewall batches and many more courses coming up! Stay tuned for latest updates! Keep me posted over Whatsapp/Email about your experience learning from us. Thanks for being part of - "Network Journey - A journey towards packet-life!!!"

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