Day 102 – Cisco ISE Mastery Training: Load Balancing with F5 / Citrix ADC

[Day 102] Cisco ISE Mastery Training: Load Balancing with F5 / Citrix ADC

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Load balancing in Cisco ISE is not just about distributing authentication requests—it’s about ensuring scalability, fault-tolerance, and seamless user experience across a complex enterprise network. As deployments scale from a few thousand endpoints to hundreds of thousands of daily authentications, the traditional direct-to-node access method becomes a bottleneck. This is where enterprise-grade load balancers like F5 BIG-IP and Citrix ADC (formerly NetScaler) enter the picture.

In large-scale or mission-critical environments, ISE must handle:

  • Millions of RADIUS transactions per day without packet drops.
  • High-availability (HA) across PSNs so that endpoint authentications never fail during upgrades or outages.
  • Session stickiness (persistence) to preserve RADIUS stateful transactions.
  • TLS offloading for HTTPS Admin/Guest portals for performance optimization.

By integrating Cisco ISE with F5 or Citrix ADC, engineers can design a resilient distributed ISE fabric that ensures:

  1. 24×7 availability of authentication services (WLC, switches, VPNs).
  2. Predictable performance across all nodes in the cluster.
  3. Scalable guest portals, BYOD onboarding, and pxGrid services without impacting end-user experience.

This training will walk you step-by-step through configuring, validating, and troubleshooting ISE load balancing—both on the GUI and CLI. By the end of this masterclass workbook, you’ll be able to design and deploy an enterprise-ready ISE + F5/Citrix load-balancing architecture that meets real-world production requirements.p.

Problem Statement (What Breaks Without Proper LB)

Typical symptoms without a correct LB design:

  • EAP drops during re-auth/roaming (persistence missing/wrong).
  • Guest/BYOD portals loop after redirect (no cross-service stickiness between RADIUS & HTTP).
  • Hot PSN while others idle (mis-weighted pools).
  • CoA/accounting inconsistencies (auth and accounting land on different PSNs).
  • False “ISE down” alarms (UDP health checks not actually proving RADIUS is alive).

Your goal: RADIUS-aware, PSN-aware LB with proper persistence + monitors + drain/maintenance patterns.

Solution Overview (How We Fix It)

  • Separate VIPs per service class:
    • RADIUS Auth (UDP/1812)
    • RADIUS Accounting (UDP/1813)
    • Web Portals (TCP/443 and/or 8443 for Guest/BYOD/Sponsor/MyDevices)
    • (Optional) TACACS+ (TCP/49) if using ISE Device Admin
  • Persistence:
    • RADIUS: Calling-Station-ID (or Framed-IP-Address); match across services to portals.
    • Portals (HTTPS): Source IP or Cookie (keep-alive on same PSN).
  • Monitors:
    • Real RADIUS monitor (Access-Request probe with shared secret) – not just UDP ping.
    • HTTPS: L7 GET to known portal path.
  • Operational controls: graceful drain, weighting, and maintenance windows.

Sample Lab Topology (VMware/EVE-NG)

Compute / Services

  • ISE: PSN1/PSN2/PSN3/PSN4, PAN, MnT
  • F5 BIG-IP (vCMP or VE) and/or Citrix ADC
  • Catalyst 9300 (wired), WLC 9800 (wireless)
  • AD/PKI, DHCP/DNS, NGFW (pxGrid consumer)
  • Endpoints: Win11 (dot1x EAP-TLS), iOS/Android (CWA/BYOD), IoT (MAB)

Topology diagram:]

Key note: Configure NADs (Switch/WLC/VPN) to use the RADIUS VIP(s); ISE Network Devices must align with LB design (see Step 0).

Step-by-Step GUI Configuration Guide

Step 0 — ISE & NAD Pre-Checks (Must-Do Before LB)

ISE GUI

  • Administration → Network Resources → Network Devices
    • Create each NAD with its IP, SNMP (optional), and RADIUS shared secret.
    • If your LB will SNAT (source NAT) RADIUS to PSNs, either:
      • create a Network Device entry for the VIP IP with the shared secret, and configure NADs to set NAS-IP-Address to their real IP; or
      • avoid SNAT so PSNs see the real NAD IP (recommended).

NAD CLI (Catalyst/WLC)

# Catalyst (example)
show run | sec aaa|radius
show radius statistics
# WLC 9800
show radius summary

Pass: NADs point to VIP, secrets match; RADIUS counters increment.
Fail: “Invalid client” in ISE radius logs → fix Network Device entries / SNAT plan.

F5 BIG-IP — RADIUS (1812/1813) VIPs

Step F5-1: Create PSN Pool(s)

GUI: Local Traffic → Pools → Create

  • Name: pool_ise_radius_auth | Members: psn1:1812, psn2:1812, …
  • Name: pool_ise_radius_acct | Members: psn1:1813, psn2:1813, …
  • Load Balancing: Least Connections (Member) or Round Robin (start simple)

Validation (F5 CLI):

tmsh list ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth members
tmsh show ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth

Step F5-2: Build RADIUS Monitor (real Access-Request)

GUI: Local Traffic → Monitors → Create

  • Type: RADIUS
  • Shared Secret: (monitor secret; must exist as NAD on ISE if probe’s source is F5 self IP)
  • Username: monitor (dummy)
  • Response: expect Access-Reject (works as “up signal”)
  • Assign to both pools.

Validation: Pool members go green only when RADIUS actually replies.

Step F5-3: Create Virtual Servers (VIPs)

GUI: Local Traffic → Virtual Servers → Create

  • vs_ise_radius_auth
    • Destination: VIP_AUTH_IP:1812
    • Protocol: UDP
    • Source Address Translation: None (preferred) or Auto Map (SNAT)
    • Default Pool: pool_ise_radius_auth
    • Persistence:
      • Create Universal Persistence profile keyed on Calling-Station-ID (RADIUS AVP 31) or Framed-IP-Address (AVP 8).
      • Enable Match Across Services (so accounting & web portal stick to same PSN).
  • vs_ise_radius_acct
    • VIP_ACCT_IP:1813, same profiles, Default Pool pool_ise_radius_acct.

F5 iRule (optional) — persist on Calling-Station-ID

when CLIENT_ACCEPTED {
    # RADIUS is UDP; we inspect first packet
}
when LB_SELECTED {
    # Use persistence across services by table key "csid"
}

(In practice you can use F5’s RADIUS persistence profile or Universal iRule that extracts AVP 31.)

Validation (NAD + ISE):

  • NAD CLI: show radius statistics increases on attempts.
  • ISE GUI: Operations → RADIUS → Live Logs → Matched PSN = one of pool members.
  • F5 CLI: tmsh show ltm virtual vs_ise_radius_auth → connection stats.

F5 BIG-IP — HTTPS Portal VIP (443/8443)

Step F5-4: PSN Web Pool & Monitor

Pool: pool_ise_https → Members: psn1:443, psn2:443
Monitor: HTTPS with send string GET /portal/ or /guestportal/ and expect 200/302.

Step F5-5: HTTPS VIP with Cross-Service Stickiness

Virtual: vs_ise_https_portal → VIP_WEB_IP:443

  • Client SSL Profile: LB does not terminate TLS for EAP; for portals, you may pass-through or terminate (commonly pass-through so PSN cert is seen by clients).
  • Persistence: Source Address and enable Match Across Services so web flows follow the same PSN as RADIUS.

Validation:

  • Connect a client to Guest/BYOD redirect; ensure the same PSN handles both the RADIUS auth and the web portal (Live Logs + PSN access logs).
  • ISE Live Logs → Authorization Result shows CWA redirect; after login, same PSN completes authz.

F5 BIG-IP — Drain Mode & Maintenance

Step F5-6: Drain a PSN Gracefully

GUI: Pool → Member → Disable (Drain)

  • Existing sessions continue; new ones avoid this member.

Validation:

  • tmsh show ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth members → Disabled (Forced Offline/Disabled) state noted.
  • ISE Live Logs continue on other PSNs; no spikes in failure.

Citrix ADC (NetScaler) — RADIUS (1812/1813) VIPs

Step NS-1: Add Servers & Services

GUI: Traffic Management → Servers → Add psn1, psn2, …
Services: Add service per PSN/port

  • svc_psn1_rad_auth (UDP/1812), svc_psn1_rad_acct (UDP/1813), etc.

CLI:

add server psn1 10.10.10.11
add service svc_psn1_rad_auth psn1 UDP 1812
add service svc_psn1_rad_acct psn1 UDP 1813

Step NS-2: Monitors (RADIUS Real Probe)

GUI: System → Monitors → Add → Type: RADIUS

  • Key: Shared secret; Username: monitor
  • Bind to RADIUS services.

CLI:

add lb monitor mon_rad RADIUS -RadKey <secret> -username monitor
bind service svc_psn1_rad_auth -monitorName mon_rad

Step NS-3: Load-Balancing vServers (VIPs)

GUI: Traffic Management → LB Virtual Servers → Add

  • lbvserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth (Protocol: UDP, Port 1812)
  • Bind RADIUS Auth services.
  • Persistence: SRCIP (or CallId RADIUS persistence if licensed/available).
  • Service Group weights = even or tailored.
  • Repeat for vsvr_ise_rad_acct (1813).

CLI:

add lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth UDP <VIP_AUTH_IP> 1812
bind lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth svc_psn1_rad_auth
set lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth -persistenceType SOURCEIP -timeout 30

Step NS-4: HTTPS Portal VIP

Services: svc_psn1_https (TCP/443) with HTTP-ECV/HTTPS-ECV monitor to /portal/
vServer: vsvr_ise_https (TCP/443), persistence SOURCEIP

  • Link Persistence Across Services: Use Persistence Groups so RADIUS + HTTPS stay on same PSN.

CLI (example):

add service svc_psn1_https psn1 TCP 443
add lb vserver vsvr_ise_https SSL <VIP_WEB_IP> 443
bind lb vserver vsvr_ise_https svc_psn1_https
set lb vserver vsvr_ise_https -persistenceType SOURCEIP -timeout 30

Step NS-5: Drain / Disable for Maintenance

GUI: Services → Select member → Disable (Graceful).
CLI:

disable service svc_psn1_rad_auth

Validation: Active sessions finish; new ones avoid disabled member.

ISE & NAD — Post-LB Validation Matrix

A) Wired 802.1X (EAP-TLS)

  • GUI: ISE → Operations → RADIUS Live Logs → Matched Rule, Selected PSN, Elapsed Time
  • Switch CLI:
show authentication sessions interface Gi1/0/10 details
show radius statistics

Pass: Auth success; same PSN serves reauths; latency stable.

B) Wireless CWA (Guest/BYOD)

  • WLC:
show wlan <id>
show client detail <mac>
  • ISE Live Logs: CWA redirect then final permit; Web VIP shows hits on same PSN.
    Pass: No redirect loops; portal page loads quickly.

C) Accounting Stickiness

  • ISE Live Logs → Accounting tab → same PSN as Auth.
  • LB stats show Match Across Services working.

D) PSN Failure Test

  • Drain one PSN → simulate failure → ensure zero auth drops, even distribution across survivors.

E) RADIUS Monitor Proof

  • Temporarily block RADIUS on PSN → LB marks DOWN within monitor interval, routes away.

Step-by-Step Configuration & Validation

Step 1 – Prepare Cisco ISE Nodes for Load Balancer Integration

  • Ensure you have multiple Policy Service Nodes (PSNs) already installed and joined to the ISE cluster.
  • Each PSN should be licensed and assigned the Policy Service role.

CLI Validation on PSN

ise/admin# show application status ise
ise/admin# show run
ise/admin# show ip interface brief

Confirm that RADIUS (UDP/1812,1813) and HTTPS (TCP/443) services are active.

Step 2 – Configure F5 BIG-IP for RADIUS (PSN VIP Setup)

On F5 GUI

  1. Create a Node Pool for ISE PSNs
    • Navigate: Local Traffic > Pools > Pool List > CreatePool Name: ISE_PSN_RADIUSHealth Monitor: RADIUS (or custom with UDP 1812 check).Add members (ISE PSN1, PSN2 IPs).
  2. Create Virtual Server (VIP)
    • Navigate: Local Traffic > Virtual Servers > CreateName: ISE_RADIUS_VIPDestination IP: 10.10.10.100 (VIP to be used by switches/WLCs).Service Port: 1812.Default Pool: ISE_PSN_RADIUS.Persistence Profile: Source IP Persistence (important for RADIUS stickiness).
  3. Repeat for Accounting (UDP/1813) if required.

CLI Validation on F5

tmsh show ltm pool ISE_PSN_RADIUS members
tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP

Confirm pool members are up.

Step 3 – Configure Cisco Switch/WLC to Point to VIP

CLI on Cisco Switch

radius-server host 10.10.10.100 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 key MySecret
aaa new-model
aaa authentication dot1x default group radius
aaa accounting update periodic 5
aaa accounting exec default start-stop group radius

Validation on Switch CLI

show aaa servers
test aaa group radius USERNAME PASSWORD legacy

Ensure the VIP responds, and the test succeeds.

Step 4 – Configure HTTPS Load Balancing (Guest Portal)

On F5 GUI

  1. Create Pool for HTTPS PSNs
    • Pool Name: ISE_HTTPS_POOL.
    • Health Monitor: HTTPS.
    • Add PSN1, PSN2 IPs.
  2. Create HTTPS VIP
    • VIP IP: 10.10.20.100.
    • Port: 443.
    • Persistence: Cookie Persistence.
  3. SSL Offload (Optional)
    • Import certificates (same as ISE).
    • Enable client SSL profile if offloading.

Validation

tmsh show ltm pool ISE_HTTPS_POOL
tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_HTTPS_VIP

From client browser → access: https://10.10.20.100/guestportal → confirm redirect to correct ISE portal.

Step 5 – Configure Citrix ADC (NetScaler) for RADIUS

On Citrix GUI

  1. Create Server Objects
    • Add ISE PSN1 & PSN2 as servers.
  2. Create Load Balancing Service Group
    • Service Type: RADIUS.
    • Add PSNs as members.
  3. Create Virtual Server (VIP)
    • VIP IP: 10.10.30.100.
    • Bind Service Group.
    • Persistence: Source IP.

CLI Validation on Citrix

> show serviceGroup ISE_RADIUS_SG
> show lb vserver ISE_RADIUS_VIP

Step 6 – GUI Validation in ISE

  • Navigate: Administration > System > Deployment
  • Verify that both PSNs show Active.
  • Navigate: Operations > RADIUS > Live Logs
  • Authenticate a test user.
  • Verify traffic is balanced across PSNs.

Step 7 – CLI Validation on ISE

Run on each PSN:

ise/admin# show logging application radius.log tail
ise/admin# show logging application ise-psc.log tail

Check that authentications are processed by both PSNs.

Final Checklist

  • RADIUS VIP reachable from network devices.
  • HTTPS VIP reachable from clients.
  • Persistence correctly configured (Source-IP for RADIUS, Cookie for HTTPS).
  • Health Monitors correctly reflect PSN availability.
  • Logs show balanced authentication across nodes.

CLI Pack:

ISE (any node):

show application status ise
show logging application ise-radius.log tail
show logging application | inc (radius|error|ad)
show cpu ; show memory ; show disk

Catalyst (wired)

show authentication sessions interface Gi1/0/10 details
show run | sec aaa|radius
show radius statistics

WLC 9800 (wireless)

show radius summary
show client detail <mac>
show wlan <id>

F5 BIG-IP

tmsh show ltm virtual
tmsh show ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth
tmsh list ltm monitor radius
tmsh modify ltm pool pool_ise_radius_auth members modify { 10.10.10.11:1812 { session user-disabled } }  ;# drain example

Citrix ADC

show lb vserver vsvr_ise_rad_auth
show servicegrp
disable service svc_psn1_rad_auth
show ns runningconfig | grep -i persist

Expert-Level Use Cases

  1. Cross-Service Stickiness Map (RADIUS→HTTPS)
    • On F5, enable Match Across Services; on ADC, use Persistence Groups.
    • Ensures a device that authenticated via RADIUS hits the same PSN for CWA/BYOD portal, eliminating loops.
  2. Blue-Green PSN Upgrades
    • Split pool into Blue (PSN1/2) & Green (PSN3/4).
    • Drain/upgrade Green; swing VIP weights → Green primary; drain/upgrade Blue. Zero downtime.
  3. Weighted Distribution for Burst Sites
    • Campuses with heavy shift changes get higher member weight.
    • Validate: LB per-member stats + ISE Live Logs latency.
  4. RADIUS-Aware Health with Synthetic Users
    • Create dedicated monitor user and NAD entry for LB monitors.
    • Monitor expects Reject (healthy path). Reduces false positives.
  5. Dual-Site GSLB for PSN VIPs
    • Site A/B VIPs, GSLB proximity policy.
    • WAN cut? Clients stick to local site. Validate failover by simulated DC outage.
  6. Accounting Correlation Integrity
    • Same persistence key across Auth & Accounting VIPs + Match Across Services.
    • SIEM gets clean Start/Stop pairs from same PSN.
  7. IoT/MAB Affinity Windows
    • Increase persistence timeout for MAB-only devices to minimize churn.
    • Long-lived sessions reduce CoA storms.
  8. Portal TLS Offload with PSN Re-encrypt (Advanced)
    • If organizational policy demands LB TLS inspection, use client SSL terminate + server SSL re-encrypt with careful cookie persistence.
    • Validate cert chain and HSTS behavior with posture agents.
  9. Selective SNAT for NATed Branches
    • If branch NADs are NATed and cause device-lookup issues, enable SNAT on LB but configure ISE to use NAS-IP-Address attribute for lookup.
    • Confirm by checking ISE Network Device match in Live Logs.
  10. Drain-Safe Time Windows (Roaming WLAN)
  • Schedule drains outside roaming peaks; set connection-mirror/graceful disable.
  • Monitor EAP failure rate and Elapsed Time histogram during action.
  1. TACACS+ Segregated VIP
  • Dedicated TCP/49 VIP for device admin; separate persistence and monitors.
  • Prevents infrastructure logins from competing with user AAA.
  1. Adaptive Health Escalation
  • Tiered monitor: RADIUS monitor + fallback UDP + node CPU via SNMP.
  • Member auto-disabled if RADIUS passes but CPU > 90% sustained.

FAQs – Cisco ISE Load Balancing with F5 / Citrix ADC

  • Answer:
    • Cisco ISE PSNs do not natively load balance RADIUS/HTTPS traffic.
    • Without a load balancer, each NAD (switch, WLC, ASA, VPN) must be manually configured with multiple PSNs.
    • A load balancer simplifies deployments → one VIP per service (RADIUS or HTTPS), ensuring high availability and distribution.
  • Validation:
    • On F5 CLI: tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP
    • On ISE: Operations > RADIUS > Live Logs → verify authentications are coming via the VIP.

FAQ 2. Which persistence (stickiness) method should I use — Source IP or Cookie?

  • Answer:
    • RADIUS: Use Source IP Persistence, because NADs (switches, WLCs) always use the same source IP for authentication.
    • HTTPS Portals: Use Cookie Persistence, since client browsers rely on session stickiness.
  • Validation:
    • F5 GUI → Virtual Server → Persistence Profile tab.
    • Perform test authentication and ensure sessions always return to the same PSN.

FAQ 3. What ports must be load-balanced for ISE services?

  • Answer:
    • RADIUS: UDP 1812 (Authentication), 1813 (Accounting).
    • TACACS+ (if used): TCP 49.
    • HTTPS: TCP 443 (Guest/BYOD/Sponsor portals).
  • Validation:
    • On F5 CLI: tmsh list ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP tmsh list ltm virtual ISE_HTTPS_VIP

FAQ 4. How do I configure health checks for PSNs in F5/Citrix?

  • Answer:
    • F5: Use RADIUS health monitor for UDP/1812 and HTTPS monitor for TCP/443.
    • Citrix: Use RADIUS health check with authentication request OR simple UDP probe.
  • Validation:
    • F5 CLI: tmsh show ltm pool ISE_PSN_RADIUS members
    • Healthy PSN = up.

FAQ 5. What happens if one PSN fails — will VIP continue working?

  • Answer:
    • Yes, the Load Balancer marks the failed PSN as down and routes all traffic to available PSNs.
  • Validation:
    • Shut down RADIUS on PSN: ise/admin# application stop ise
    • Check F5 Pool Status → failed node marked down.

FAQ 6. Can I use load balancers for ISE PAN/MnT nodes as well?

  • Answer:
    • No for PAN (Primary Administration Node).
    • Yes for MnT (Monitoring & Troubleshooting nodes) → you can use load balancer for syslog ingestion.
  • Validation:
    • On ISE GUI: Administration > System > Deployment → confirm PAN is not behind VIP.

FAQ 7. What SSL certificates do I need for HTTPS VIP?

  • Answer:
    • You must install the same wildcard/multi-SAN certificate on both ISE PSNs and F5/Citrix VIP.
    • If SSL Offload is enabled → LB terminates SSL and re-encrypts to backend.
  • Validation:
    • Open Guest Portal via VIP → check browser SSL → CN must match VIP FQDN.

FAQ 8. Can I do GSLB (Global Server Load Balancing) for multi-site ISE?

  • Answer:
    • Yes, using F5 GTM or Citrix GSLB to distribute traffic across multiple data centers.
    • Common use case: large enterprise with ISE PSNs in Americas + EMEA + APAC.
  • Validation:
    • Use nslookup or dig against VIP FQDN → verify DNS response changes per location.

FAQ 9. How can I test RADIUS VIP functionality without waiting for real clients?

  • Answer:
    • On NAD (switch/router): test aaa group radius USERNAME PASSWORD legacy
    • On Linux: radtest USERNAME PASSWORD 10.10.10.100 1812 testing123
  • Validation:
    • Check ISE Live Logs → test authentication should appear via VIP.

FAQ 10. What are common troubleshooting steps if VIP is not working?

  • Answer:
    • Check that VIP is reachable via ping.
    • Verify LB persistence (Source-IP or Cookie).
    • Confirm health monitors show PSNs as up.
    • Check ISE logs for RADIUS or HTTPS service errors.
  • CLI Validation:
    • On F5: tmsh show ltm virtual ISE_RADIUS_VIP
    • On ISE: show logging application radius.log tail show logging application ise-psc.log tail

YouTube Link

For more in-depth Cisco ISE Mastery Training, subscribe to my YouTube channel Network Journey and join my instructor-led classes for hands-on, real-world ISE experience

[NEW COURSE ALERT] CISCO ISE (Identity Service Engine) by Sagar Dhawan
CCIE Security v6.1 Training – Ticket#1 Discussed
CCIE Security v6.1 – MAC Authentication Bypass (MAB) in Cisco ISE
CCNP to CCIE SECURITY v6.1 – New Online Batch

Closing Notes (Key Takeaways)

  • Two RADIUS VIPs (1812/1813) + one HTTPS VIP for portals.
  • RADIUS persistence (Calling-Station-ID) + Match Across Services to HTTPS.
  • Real RADIUS monitors (Access-Request) → true health.
  • Drain/patch cycles without user impact.
  • Validate per-PSN load, latency, and Live Logs every change window.

Upgrade Your Skills – Start Today

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Fast-Track to Cisco ISE Mastery Pro

  • I run a focused 4-month instructor-led CCIE Security journey with full-stack ISE labs: multi-site PSN/LB, advanced policy sets, pxGrid/SGT, Guest/BYOD at scale, upgrades/DR, and production runbooks.
  • Course outline & enrollment: https://course.networkjourney.com/ccie-security/
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Trainer Sagar Dhawan
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